古代佛像鉴赏的八个常识

Eight Common Senses of Appreciation of Ancient Buddha Statues

佛陀是在公元前六至五世纪于印度居住及传道的智者，而佛像则源自公元一世纪的印度北部及现时的巴基斯坦和阿富汗。后来，佛教雕塑及佛殿成为阿富汗以至日本等多国文化的重要艺术传统。

The Buddha was a wise man who lived and preached in India from the 6th to 5th centuries B.C., while the statues of the Buddha originated in northern India in the 1st century A.D. and present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan. Later, Buddhist sculptures and temples became important artistic traditions in many cultures, such as Afghanistan and Japan.

一、温故识珍

I. Warm the Past and Know the Treasure

由于佛陀四处讲经弘法，因此民间出现大量佛像，风格与材质五花八门。工匠常以岩石、灰泥、赤土、木、亮漆，以及青铜、黄金及银等金属制造佛像。

Because Buddha preaches Buddhism everywhere, there are a large number of Buddhist statues among the people, with various styles and materials. Craftsmen often make Buddha statues from rocks, mortar, laterite, wood, lacquer, bronze, gold and silver.

崔仕廷指辨别制造物料有助确认作品的来源及制作时期。“不同国家所用的物料各异，例如位于阿富汗及巴基斯坦的犍陀罗地区，偏爱以可塑性较高的灰泥，而中世纪时期的尼泊尔地区则拥有世上最顶尖的铸铜技术。”

Cui Shiting refers to the identification of manufacturing materials to help identify the source of the work and the production period. "The materials used vary from country to country, such as in the Jadhara region of Afghanistan and Pakistan, where plasticity is high, while Nepal in the Middle Ages had the world's top copper casting technology."

尼泊尔十三世纪 铜鎏金观音立像；高25吋 (63.4公分) ；估价：美元2,000,000–3,000,000。2015年3月17日以8,229,000美元于“锦瑟华年—安思远私人珍藏”拍卖 (第一部分) 成交

Nepal's 13th century bronze gold Guanyin statue; 25 inches high (63.4 cm); valuation: US$2,000,000-3,000,000. On March 17, 2015, $8,229,000 was sold at the auction of "Jinserhua-Ansiyuan Private Collection" (Part I).

现时最受欢迎的佛教雕塑通常以铜鎏金铸造，部分时期的作品尤其受欢迎，例如明初永乐及宣德年间的作品、十五世纪西藏铜鎏金佛像、尼泊尔尼波罗和马拉王朝出品，以及清初的作品现在也价格高昂。

The most popular Buddhist sculptures nowadays are usually made of bronze and gold, and works from some periods are especially popular, such as those from Yongle and Xuande in the early Ming Dynasty, the bronze statues of Tibet in the 15th century, Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Nepalese Ne

清乾隆 铜鎏金威罗瓦金刚像；高13 1/2吋 (34.3公分)；估价：美元200,000–300,000。2015年3月15及16日以545,000美元于“重要中国瓷器及工艺精品”拍卖成交

Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty Jinwei Rowa Diamond Statue; 131/2 inch high (34.3 cm); Valuation: US$200,000-300,000. On March 15 and 16, 2015, $545,000 was sold at the auction of "Important Chinese Porcelain and Crafts"

崔仕廷建议藏家可多欣赏不同的佛像，学习分辨不同文化、风格及时期的作品。他建议藏家参观专门收藏及保存喜马拉雅、印度及邻近地区艺术文化的纽约鲁宾艺术博物馆，其他著名珍藏则包括现藏于纽约亚洲协会的约翰·洛克菲勒 (John D. Rockefeller) 珍藏，以及加州诺顿·西蒙博物馆和克里夫兰艺术博物馆珍藏的诺顿·西蒙 (Norton Simon) 珍藏。

Cui Shiting suggested that Tibetans should appreciate different Buddha statues and learn to distinguish works of different cultures, styles and times. He suggested that collectors visit the Rubin Museum of Art in New York, which specializes in the collection and preservation of Himalayan, Indian and adjacent art and culture. Other famous collections include John D. Rockefeller, now in the Asia Society of New York, and Norton Simon, in the Norton Simon Museum of Art in California and the Cleveland Museum of Art.

好的参考书亦是藏家的必备。其中两本佛教研究的名著是凡·施罗德 (Ulrich von Schroeder) 所著的《印度西藏铜雕》(Indo-Tibetan Bronzes) 及《西藏佛教雕塑》(Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet)，内容根据佛像类型仔细编排。崔仕廷表示两本书已经绝版，藏家不妨到旧书店碰碰运气，可能会找到价值不菲的版本。

Good reference books are also necessary for Tibetans. Two of the masterpieces on Buddhist studies are Indo-Tibetan Bronzes by Ulrich von Schroeder and Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet, which are carefully arranged according to the type of Buddhist statues. Cui Shiting said that the two books were out of print, so collectors might as well try their luck in the second-hand bookstore and find valuable versions.

不过，幸得著名喜马拉雅艺术学者杰夫·瓦特 (Jeff Watt) 开设网站喜马拉雅艺术资源，当中载列逾66,000张图片，值得新进藏家参考。

Fortunately, Jeff Watt, a well-known Himalayan art scholar, has set up a website for Himalayan art resources, which contains more than 66,000 pictures, which are worthy of new Tibetans'reference.

二、历久弥新

II. Renewal of Time

崔仕廷表示佛教雕塑市场时有波动，藏家对不同时期或风格作品的喜好会经常改变，但不论任何时期，品相俱佳的杰作也永远具有收藏价值。“品质无惧时间考验。”

Cui Shiting said that the Buddhist sculpture market fluctuates from time to time, and Tibetans'preferences for works of different periods or styles often change, but at any time, masterpieces of good quality will always have collecting value. "Quality fears no test of time."

唐/宋 弥勒佛铜像；高4 1/2吋 (11.4公分)，附西藏显贵钤印；估价：美元10,000–15,000。此像及下图所示的佛像于9月17至18日纽约佳士得“中国瓷器及工艺精品”拍卖上推出

Bronze statue of Tang/Song Maitreya Buddha; 41/2 inch high (11.4 cm), with Tibetan noble seal; Valuation: US$10,000-15,000. This image and the Buddha image shown below were launched at Christie's China Porcelain and Crafts Auction in New York on September 17-18.

佛教雕塑的品相取决于多个因素，包括雕塑的风格造型、题材的罕有程度及雕刻工艺。种种因素集合起来，便成为难能可贵的精美雕像。

The quality of Buddhist sculpture depends on many factors, including the style and shape of the sculpture, the rare degree of the subject matter and the sculpture craft. When all kinds of factors come together, they become precious and beautiful statues.

明 铜鎏金菩萨像；高6 7/8吋 (17.5公分)；估价：美元20,000至30,000。

Ming Dynasty Golden Bodhisattva statue; 67/8 inches high (17.5 cm); Valuation: US$20,000 to 30,000.

崔仕廷补充：“毕竟藏家因为作品精美，造工出色，才会购买 (佛教雕塑)。”他亦建议藏家考虑价格时，应以可负担的价钱购买最优质的作品。

Cui Shiting added: "After all, Tibetans buy (Buddhist sculptures) because of their exquisite works and excellent workmanship." He also suggested that when considering prices, collectors should buy the best quality works at affordable prices.

三、亲身鉴赏

3. Personal Appreciation

千万不要购买没有亲眼见过的佛像。“一件劣质作品在相片中可以非常完美，反之亦然。”

Never buy a Buddha statue you haven't seen with your own eyes. "A bad work can be perfect in a picture, and vice versa."

北魏龙门石窟 石雕弥勒菩萨坐像；高24吋 (61公分)，连木制底座；估价：美元1,000,000–1,500,000。2015年3月17日以1,505,000美元于“锦瑟华年—安思远私人珍藏”拍卖 (第一部分) 成交

Sitting statue of Maitreyawww.dianlancaom.cnwww.biaozhizhuangg.cn www.luyashimoju.org.cn www.diandongmene.cn www.jiningbanjia.net.cn www.jisuban.net.cn  Bodhisattva in Longmen Grottoes of the Northern Wei Dynasty; 24 inches (61 cm) high, with wooden base; valuation: US$1,000,000-1,500,000. On March 17, 2015, $1,505,000 was sold at the auction of "Jinserhua-Ansiyuan Private Collection" (Part I).

亲身观察作品不但让你更清楚雕像的实际外貌，更能让你仔细研究雕像高度、表面质感，甚至味道等每个细节。崔仕廷笑言：“有些专家声称新制的青铜带有酸味，但我不知属真属假。”亲身观察作品，便能发现异常的细节。

Personal observation of the work not only makes you more aware of the actual appearance of the statue, but also allows you to carefully study the height, surface texture, and even taste of each detail of the statue. Cui Shiting laughed: "Some experts claim that the new bronze has sour taste, but I do not know whether it is true or not." Observing the work personally can discover the abnormal details.

四、鉴别真伪

IV. Identifying Truth and Falsehood

伪造者通常参照参考资料制作赝品，而参考资料往往只有雕像正面的照片，没有背部及底部的照片。因此，伪造者只能靠想像制作其他部分，形成非常奇怪的细节。

Counterfeiters usually make counterfeits by referring to reference materials, which usually have only front photographs of statues and no back and bottom photographs. As a result, forgers can only imagine other parts to produce very strange details.

明永乐 铜鎏金药师佛坐像，“大明永乐年施”单行刻款；高10 7/8吋 (27.7公分)；估价：美元2,000,000–3,000,000。2014年3月20日以5,541,000美元于“般若妙相：虔敬信仰艺术精品”拍卖成交

Ming Yongle Bronze and Gold Pharmacist Buddha Sitting Statue, "Daming Yongle Nianshi" single-line inscription; 107/8 inches high (27.7 cm); valuation: US$2,000,000-3,000,000. On March 20, 2014, $5,541,000 was sold at the auction of "Prajna Miaoxiang: Religious Art Works"

崔仕廷举例指出，赝品的长袍褶裥可能并不自然，菩萨的链饰位置也可能不同。部分赝品的背面造工比正面粗疏，显示伪造者没有仔细考虑背面的工艺。对于原作的工匠而言，作品的每个细节都非常重要。

Cui Shiting pointed out, for example, that the pleats of fake robes may not be natural, and the positions of the chain decorations of Bodhisattvas may be different. Some counterfeits are rougher on the back than on the front, which shows that the counterfeiters have not carefully considered the process on the back. For the original craftsmen, every detail of the work is very important.

崔仕廷提醒藏家留意雕像的手、脚、饰物及衣服褶裥。“这些部分最难模彷。”如果这些细节有任何异常

Cui Shiting reminded Tibetans to pay attention to the hand, foot, ornaments and clothing pleats of the statue. "These parts are the hardest to imagine." If there are any exceptions to these details