铜雕的历史
The history of bronze
铜雕产生于商州，是以铜料为胚，运用雕刻、铸塑等手法制作的一种雕塑。铜雕艺术主要表现了造型、质感、纹饰的美，多用于表现神秘有威慑力的宗教题材。
The bronze in Shangzhou, with copper as an embryo, with a sculpture carving and casting techniques such as making. The main performance of the bronze art style, texture and ornamentation of the United States, used for the performance of mysterious deterrence of religious themes.
其造型多为威严粗犷、端庄沉稳之态，表现出坚实浑厚、富丽辉煌的质感。铜雕的纹饰主要为饕餮纹、或以动物头部造型，再以鸟、兽、虫、鱼部分形体组成抽象的图案来衬托铜雕造型。中国历史上重要的铜雕艺术品有西周的“伯矩”鬲，晚商的“司母戊”鼎以及汉代的“马踏飞燕”。
Its shape is dignified, rough, dignified and steady state, showing a solid, rich, magnificent and brilliant texture. The bronze ornamentation is mainly Taotie, or animal head shape, with birds, beasts, insects and fish part body consisting of abstract patterns to form bronze. China important history of the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze art "" moment "of late Shang Ge," Si Muwu Ding "and" horse riding Chebi of the Han dynasty".
伯矩鬲 现存于首都博物馆
The primary moment existing in GE Capital Museum
司母戊鼎 中国历史博物馆
Its history museum China
马踏飞燕 现存于甘肃省博物馆
Horse riding Chebi existing in Gansu Provincial Museum
铜雕佛像的历史
The history of bronze Buddha
铜雕佛像造像是魏晋南北朝时期因佛教的兴起而迅速发展起来的一种造像，用铜或青铜铸造而成，表面鎏金，多供奉在家中、宫中和佛寺之中，早起称为“金人”，后来也称为“金泥铜雕像”。
The bronze statue is a statue of Wei Jin period as a result of the rise of Buddhism and the rapid development of the northern and Southern Dynasties, with copper or bronze casting, surface gilding, more dedicated at home, the palace and temple, early known as "Jin", later called "gold mud copper statue".
元、明、清三代铜雕佛像特征
Yuan, Ming and Qing three generations of bronze Buddha characteristics
元代铜雕特征
The Yuan Dynasty bronze features
元代藏传铜佛像铜雕又叫蒙古式金铜佛像。元代时，藏传佛教被奉为国教，并设立了“梵像提举司”这样一个专门造佛像的专业机构。蒙古式铜佛像主要是尼泊尔藏传佛教造像风格，曾风靡百年。元朝灭亡之后，蒙古式铜佛像铜雕灭迹。在明代晚期复兴，形成漠南、漠北两种风格的铜佛像铜雕。
The Yuan Dynasty Tibetan bronze Buddha bronze also called Mongolia gold copper buddha. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tibetan Buddhism was regarded as the national religion, and the establishment of the "Buddhist image lifting division" such a special institution for the creation of Buddha statues. Mongolia is the main type of bronze Buddha Nepal Tibetan Buddhist statues style was popular in 100 years. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia copper bronze statues to. In the late Ming Dynasty revival, formation of Monan, Mobei two Style Bronze Buddha bronze.
不动金刚像 元 清宫旧藏 现存于故宫博物馆
Real diamond pixel Qing collection is now in the the Imperial Palace Museum
明代铜雕特征
The characteristics of the Ming Dynasty bronze
明代，由于年代的制作地区地域文化的差异、教派不同的艺术承传不同，又形成永宣式铜佛像、藏西风格、藏中风格、藏南风格，藏东风格等式样。
The Ming Dynasty, because of the difference of regional culture in the region, making the art tradition of different sects, and the formation of Yongxuan type copper Buddha, Western Tibet, Tibet style style, Zangnan style, Tibet Style and other styles.
铜鎏金尊胜佛母坐像 明永乐年造高 现存于故宫博物馆
Gilt bronze Buddha statue mother seated Ming Yongle high now in the the Imperial Palace Museum
永宣式铜佛像铜雕在永乐和宣德年间形成风格式样，代表了明清二代最高的金铜佛像造像水平。这种钦定的官式造像，其艺术风格为：不论佛、菩萨，其面相都丰满端庄，空颐，脸形呈方圆，五官位置匀称，眼略俯视，表情静穆柔和，整体造型优美，金色充足，胎体厚重，衣纹是汉地常用的写实手法，质感较强，它为明代藏传金铜佛像造像中特征最为突出的一种。
Yongxuan type copper bronze statues in Yongle and Xuande style style, on behalf of the Ming and Qing Dynasties two generations of the highest level of gold copper Buddha statues. The imperial official statue, its artistic style is: regardless of Buddha and Bodhisattva, the full face dignified, empty face is Yi, radius, facial position symmetry, eyes slightly down, look soft and quiet mu, the overall shape is beautiful, golden abundant, thick matrix, drapery is commonly used Chinese realist style texture strong, it is the Ming Dynasty Tibetan gold copper Buddha statues in one of the most prominent features.
明代藏西风格铜佛像铜雕藏西中心地即现在的阿里地区，造像风格在菩萨方面最为鲜明。菩萨造像比例匀称，身躯舒展，手脚等极富写实功力，宝冠、缯带、耳环等制作得玲珑剔透；细部雕刻花纹精美，再加上披帛和卷草背光，极尽铜雕、浮雕之美。铜佛像的表现为宽额，脸部略瘦，五官刻画深刻。其造像一般都为黄铜，鎏金较少，它的精美在细部嵌白银或绿松石等，很美观。
The Ming Dynasty Tibetan style bronze bronze Buddha Tibet center now known as Ali, statues style in the most distinctive aspects of the bodhisattva. Bodhisattva well proportioned, stretch, and other highly realistic skill, crown, tie belt, earrings made exquisitely carved carved exquisite detail; plus, silks and grass as bronze, backlight, relief beauty. The bronze statues for wide forehead, face slightly thin, deep facial depiction. The statues are generally made of brass, gold is less, it's fine in the detail block or silver turquoise, very beautiful.
空行母像 明代西藏造像 清宫旧藏 现存于故宫博物馆
Dakini like the Ming Dynasty statues of Tibet Qing collection is now in the the Imperial Palace Museum
清代铜雕特征
The Qing Dynasty bronze features
清代铜佛像铜雕清代，藏传佛教格鲁派得到清帝的扶持，再度兴盛，格鲁派迅速发展至藏区各地，并一直受到崇奉。藏传佛像艺术在中原地区流行，藏传铜佛像铜雕的规格和传播地域都远远超过明代，迎来了新的发展高峰时期。清代铜佛像，制作中心仍在北京，有官作和民作，技法也受明代的影响，仍保持精工细作的传统。
The Qing Dynasty bronze bronze Buddha statues in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing emperor of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism has flourished again, support the rapid development of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan areas, and has been the subject of worship. The popular Tibetan Buddhist art in the Central Plains, the geographical spread of Tibetan bronze Buddha specifications and bronze is far more than the Ming Dynasty, ushered in a new period of development of the peak. The Qing Dynasty bronze statues, the production center is still in Beijing, there are official and people, but also by the impact of techniques of the Ming Dynasty, still keep the traditional Seiko secret agents.
白救度佛母像 清 清宫旧藏 现存于故宫博物馆
White save the Mother Buddha like Qing old Tibet is now in the the Imperial Palace Museum
康熙、乾隆二朝制作的藏传铜佛像铜雕，是清代宫廷官样，代表了清代内地藏传铜佛像的最高水平。康熙年间制作的铜佛像铜雕，面相适中，五官匀称，比较秀美。菩萨造像富丽堂皇，比例舒适，造型端庄匀称，注意写实技法，工艺精益求精。
Kangxi and Qianlong two dynasties made Tibetan bronze Buddha sculpture, is the palace of the Qing Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, represents the highest level of mainland Tibetan copper buddha. Kangxi made from copper Buddha sculpture, is moderate, symmetrical facial features, more beautiful. Bodhisattva statues magnificent, comfortable proportion, elegant shape symmetry, pay attention to realistic techniques, craft excellence.
铜鎏金二臂积光佛母像 清 现存于故宫博物馆
Two arm gilt bronze Buddha mother like product light is now in the the Imperial Palace Museum
乾隆年间制作的铜佛像铜雕，面相较饱满，额头宽而隆，脸形偏方圆，丰颐。鼻子形状生硬，呈三象形，嘴唇短而略显厚，眼脸下垂，弯度很大，呈俯视状。清朝康乾以后，由于存世的铜佛像铜雕数量很多，所以，清晚期宫廷造像反而少见了。在流传品中也有许多做得很差的，不一定为官造。
Qianlong made of bronze statues, is relatively full, wide forehead and long face, partial area, Feng yi. The nose shape is stiff, three pictographic, short and slightly thick lips, ptosis, camber, is overlooking shape. After the Qing Dynasty Kangxi, because the number of surviving many bronze bronze statues, so, in late Qing Dynasty palace statues but rare. In the spread of products also have many do poorly, not necessarily for official.